Abstract
Orthopedic screws play a crucial role in internal fixation for fracture stabilization, joint fusion, and osteotomy procedures. Recent advancements in material science and biomechanics have led to the development of various screw designs aimed at optimizing fixation strength and reducing postoperative complications. Understanding the biomechanical properties, classifications, and technological innovations of orthopedic screws is essential for improving surgical outcomes. This study presents a comprehensive review of the classification, design, biomechanical characteristics, and clinical applications of orthopedic screws. A systematic analysis of scientific literature was conducted to evaluate different screw types based on their material composition, mechanical properties, and fixation techniques. Additionally, emerging technologies, including bioabsorbable screws, locking screws, and smart implants, were examined for their potential impact on modern orthopedic surgery. The findings indicate that locking screws provide superior fixation in osteoporotic bone and complex fractures, reducing implant failure risks. Bioabsorbable screws have shown promise in eliminating the need for secondary implant removal surgeries; however, challenges such as degradation rate control remain unresolved. Drug-releasing screws have demonstrated effectiveness in lowering post-surgical infection rates, yet further studies are needed to determine optimal drug dosage and release kinetics. Advancements in orthopedic screw technology, including material innovation and improved mechanical design, have significantly enhanced clinical outcomes. However, challenges remain regarding the long-term stability of bioabsorbable screws, the optimization of mechanical properties, and the reduction of implant-related complications. Future research should focus on developing patient-specific implants and refining biomechanical designs to further improve surgical success rates.