References 1. Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC. The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2012;28(2):113-25. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2012.02.001. PubMed PMID: 22554654; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3345129. 2. De Putter CE, van Beeck EF, Looman CW, Toet H, Hovius SE, Selles RW. Trends in wrist fractures in children and adolescents, 1997–2009. The Journal of hand surgery. 2011;36(11):1810-5 doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2011.08.006. PubMed PMID: 22036281. 3. Thompson PW, Taylor J, Dawson A. The annual incidence and seasonal variation of fractures of the distal radius in men and women over 25 years in Dorset, UK. Injury. 2004;35(5):462-6. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(03)00117-7. PubMed PMID: 15081322. 4. Edwards BJ, Song J, Dunlop DD, Fink HA, Cauley JA. Functional decline after incident wrist fractures—study of osteoporotic fractures: prospective cohort study. Bmj. 2010;341.doi: 10.1136/bmj.c3324. PubMed PMID: 20616099; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2900548. 5. Fuller DJ, McCullough CJ. Malunited fractures of the forearm in children. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1982;64(3):364-7. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.64B3.7096406 . PubMed PMID: 7096406. 6. Khosla S, Melton III LJ, Dekutoski MB, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Riggs BL. Incidence of childhood distal forearm fractures over 30 years: a population-based study. Jama. 2003;290(11):1479-85. doi: 10.1001/jama.290.11.1479 . PubMed PMID: 13129988. 7. Price CT, Scott DS, Kurzner ME, Flynn JC. Malunited forearm fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10(6):705-12. doi: 10.1097/01241398-199011000-00001. PMID: 2250053. 8. Koo OT, Tan DM, Chong AK. Distal radius fractures: an epidemiological review. Orthop Surg. 2013;5(3):209-13. doi: 10.1111/os.12045. PMID: 24002839; PMCID: PMC6583285. 9. Fernandez DL. Fracture of the distal radius: operative treatment. Instr Course Lect. 1993;42:73-99. PMID: 8463706. 10. Brogren E, Petranek M, Atroshi I. Incidence and characteristics of distal radius fractures in a southern Swedish region. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2007;8(1):48. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-8-48. PubMed PMID: 17540030; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1904215. 11. Anderson JT, Lucas GL, Buhr BR. Complications of treating distal radius fractures with external fixation: a community experience. The Iowa orthopaedic journal. 2004;24:53-59. PubMed PMID:15296207; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC1888410. 12. Boparai RP, Boparai RS, Kapilar R. Role of ligamentotaxis in management of comminuted intra/juxta articular fractures. IJO. 2006;40(3):185-7.doi: 10.4103/0019-5413.34490. 13. Bindra RR. Biomechanics and biology of external fixation of distal radius fractures. Hand Clinics. 2005;21(3):363-73. 14. Azar FM, Canale ST, Beaty JH. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2020 Dec 23. 15. Goldman BH. Classifications in Brief: Fernandez Classification of Distal Radius Fractures. International Journal of Orthopaedics. 2019;6(4):1129-32. 16. Schneppendahl J, Windolf J, Kaufmann RA. Distal radius fractures: current concepts. The Journal of hand surgery. 2012;37(8):1718-25. 17. Gummesson C, Atroshi I, Ekdahl C. The disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) outcome questionnaire: longitudinal construct validity and measuring self-rated health change after surgery. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2003;4(1):1-6. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-4-11. PubMed PMID: 12809562; PubMed Central PMCID:PMC165599. 18. Kitis A, Celik E, Aslan UB, Zencir M. DASH questionnaire for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms in industry workers: a validity and reliability study. Applied ergonomics. 2009;40(2):251-5. 19. Mousavi SJ, Parnianpour M, Abedi M, Askary-Ashtiani A, Karimi A, Khorsandi A, Mehdian H. Cultural adaptation and validation of the Persian version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) outcome measure. Clinical rehabilitation. 2008;22(8):749-57. 20. Mohseni Bandpei MA, Keshavarz R, Minoonejad H, Ebrahimi Varkiani M, Samadi H, Latifi S. Shoulder pain and functional disability in Iranian premier league volleyball players. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2012;22(90):95-103. 21. Waterfield J, Sim J. Clinical assessment of pain by the visual analogue scale. British Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 1996;3(2):94-7. doi: 10.12968/bjtr.1996.3.2.14869. 22. Barton N. Operative Hand Surgery 3rd Edn. Edited by DP Green. 2308 pages, plus 76 pages of index. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1993;18(5). ISBN 0-4430-8803-9. Price£ 235.00.doi: 10.1016/0266-7681(93)90037-G. 23. Egol KA, Koval KJ, Zuckerman 3rd JD. Handbook of Fractures 3rd. 24. Dasht bozorg A, Mehdi nasab S A, Alimi E. Radiographic outcomes of distal radius fractures treated by close reduction and external fixation with and without percutaneous pins. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2014;17(12). doi: 10.22110/jkums.v17i12.1031. 25. Talmaç MA, Görgel MA, Kanar M, Tok O, Özdemir HM. Comparison of three surgical methods in the treatment of intraarticular comminuted distal radius fractures: Volar locking plate, non-bridging external fixator, and bridging external fixator. Eklem Hastaliklari ve Cerrahisi= Joint Diseases & Related Surgery.2019;30(3):224-32.doi: 10.5606/ehc.2019.66955. PubMed PMID: 31650918. 26. Mansouri M, Siavoshi B. Comparison of close reduction and percutaneous pin fixation as treatments for distal metaphyseal radius fractures. Yafteh. 2006;8(3):23–30. 27. Shehovych A, Salar O, Meyer C, Ford DJ. Adult distal radius fractures classification systems: essential clinical knowledge or abstract memory testing? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2016 Nov;98(8):525-531. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0237. Epub 2016 Aug 11. PMID: 27513789; PMCID: PMC5392888. 28. Lil DN, Bhingradiya DP, Patel AR, Makwana DV. A STUDY OF OUTCOMES OF DISTAL END RADIUS FRACTURES MANAGED BY EXTERNAL FIXATOR. Basic Medical Sciences Forum. 29. Mirza A, Jupiter JB, Reinhart MK, Meyer P. Fractures of the Distal Radius Treated With Cross-Pin Fixation and a Nonbridging External Fixator, the CPX System: A Preliminary Report. The Journal of Hand Surgery. 2009;34(4):603-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.12.020. PubMed PMID: 19345862. 30. Ahmad Dasht B, Seyed Abdolhossein Mehdi N, Ehsan A. Radiographic outcomes of distal radius fractures treated by close reduction and external fixation with and without percutaneous pins. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2014;17(12):759-66. doi: 10.22110/jkums.v17i12.1031. 31. Khosravi A, Farhadi A. Early clinical results of external fixator in distal radius fracturesPersian.Iranian Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 2004; 3(1): 44-8. 32. Atroshi I, Brogren E, Larsson GU, Kloow J, Hofer M, Berggren AM. Wrist-bridging versus non-bridging external fixation for displaced distal radius fractures: a randomized assessor-blind clinical trial of 38 patients followed for 1 year. Acta orthopaedica. 2006 Jan 1;77(3):445-53. 33. Uchikura C, Hirano J, Kudo F, Satomi K, Ohno T. Comparative study of nonbridging and bridging external fixators for unstable distal radius fractures. Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 2004;9(6):560-5. doi: 10.1007/s00776-004-0828-x. PubMed PMID: 16228671. 34. Joosten U, Joist A, Frebel T, Rieger H. The treatment of unstable fractures of the distal radius using a bridging external fixator. Results from a long-term evaluation. Der Chirurg; Zeitschrift fur Alle Gebiete der Operativen Medizen.1999;70(11):1315-22.doi: 10.1007/s001040050786. PubMed PMID: 10591771.
)