Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) and prosthetic joint replacement are among the most successful orthopedic surgeries of the modern era. The most critical challenge in this field lies in the bearing surfaces of prostheses, which are closely linked to implant survivorship and longevity. Since the development of the first successful prosthesis, significant advancements have been made in enhancing strength and reducing brittleness and wear of these surfaces, as wear-induced osteolysis leads to prosthetic failure. A hip prosthesis consists of several components, but this study focuses on the applications and properties of polyethylene in the acetabular cup, particularly its various types, including ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), and vitamin E-infused polyethylene (VEPE). The study aims to analyze the mechanical, chemical, and biological properties of these materials and compare them with conventional alternatives such as metals and ceramics. The research method involved a comprehensive review of clinical studies, laboratory experiments, and research reports on polyethylene’s performance in acetabular components. Findings indicate that modern polyethylene materials, such as HXLPE (highly cross-linked polyethylene) and VEPE, significantly improve implant longevity while reducing complications like particle generation and wear. Compared to other materials, polyethylene offers advantages in cost-effectiveness and biocompatibility, though it still has limitations in mechanical strength when compared to ceramics and metals. This study highlights key recommendations for improving wear resistance, exploring novel composite materials, and minimizing the environmental impact of polyethylene production and usage. The findings provide valuable insights for future research and the development of more advanced prosthetic implants.