A review of the advancements in the field of jaw and alveolar bone defects regeneration with focus on the role of biomaterial and biological scaffolds

Hard tissue regeneration of jaw and alveolar bone has long been a focus of maxillofacial and dentistry surgeons, which a. Many bone defects have been regenerated with the aid of advanced materials and innovative solutions that are gradually developing and being introduced to the commercial market. Commonly , autografts, allografts, and xenografts have been used for reconstruction of jaw and alveolar bone defects for a long period of time and are nowadays commercially available in cancellous and cortico-cancellous models, offered in various shapes, sizes, and applications. Recently , use of fibrin clots obtained from individual's blood plasma (PRF) has encountered remarkable success in maxillary bone ridge augmentation. Progress on tissue engineering and biomaterials science has led to development of various biological scaffolds and compositions that there is no longer previous limitations and problems so weak osteoinduction potential and immunological stimulation have been resolved and they exhibited significant results especially for maxillary sinus-lift surgeries and crest bone augmentation. In this respect materials like Calcium phosphate compounds, synthetic biodegradable polymers such as PLGA and PLA, biomaterials consisting of bioactive glasses, as well as advanced biological membranes are under development . In addition, more efficient and effective jawbone and alveolar bone regeneration methods are available to patients through their integration with stem cells, bone substitute materials , biological molecules and cell growth factors , emphasizing the importance of understanding and studying efficient biomaterials and their compositions for jawbone and alveolar regenerative medicine.