Introduction: Scoliosis is one of the most common spinal deformities, which in severe cases requires extensive surgical intervention. These surgeries are often associated with significant blood loss and a need for blood transfusion. This study aimed to evaluate changes in complete blood count (CBC) parameters in patients undergoing scoliosis correction surgery over a five-year period at medical centers affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, data from 70 patients who underwent scoliosis surgery between 2015 and 2020 were analyzed. Demographic information, body mass index (BMI), hemodynamic status, duration of surgery, volume of blood loss, and details of intraoperative and postoperative blood transfusions were recorded. CBC variables were assessed preoperatively and over a five-day postoperative period.

Results: The mean age of the study population was 24 ± 18.43 years. The results indicated that higher body weight (p = 0.007), lower BMI (p = 0.033), and longer operative duration (p = 0.007) were significantly associated with increased intraoperative blood transfusion. Statistical analysis of CBC trends showed a significant decrease in RBC, PLT, HB, and HCT levels up to the fifth postoperative day. Conversely, WBC levels significantly increased on the first postoperative day, followed by a gradual decline.

Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of accurate prediction of blood loss and optimal management of blood transfusion in scoliosis surgery. As postoperative hemoglobin decline is often self-limiting, unnecessary transfusions should be avoided. Moreover, in patients with high-risk indicators, preoperative preventive measures can help reduce complications. This study provides a foundation for developing more precise perioperative care protocols in scoliosis surgery.