A Survey of Clinical Outcomes Following ACL Reconstruction in the Opium-addicted Patients and Smoker Patients in compare with Non-addicted Patients

Sheibani, Mohamad; Sadeghifar, Amir Reza; Kalantari, Amir Reza; Seyed Ghasemi, Elham-Sadat; Azarsina, Salman

doi:10.22034/ijos.2025.547473.1162

A Survey of Clinical Outcomes Following ACL Reconstruction in the Opium-addicted Patients and Smoker Patients in compare with Non-addicted Patients

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Mohamad Sheibani ¹

Amir Reza Sadeghifar ²

Amir Reza Kalantari ³

Elham-Sadat Seyed Ghasemi ⁴

Salman Azarsina ⁵

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Madani Hospital, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

² Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

³ Orthopedic specialist

⁴ Pathologist

⁵ Assistant Professor of Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Madani Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijos.2025.547473.1162

Abstract

Introduction: Anterior Cruciate Ligament is an extra synovial element, and the fibroblasts are involved in its ongoing renewal and maintenance. It seems that opium addiction and smoking have destructive effects on the healing process of the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the clinical outcomes of ACL reconstruction surgery in the opium-addicted patients, smokers, nicotine- and opium-addicted patients, and non-addicted patients.
Materials and Methods: This study is a prospective cohort study. The patients were divided into four groups: Smokers, opium-addicted, nicotine- and opium-addicted, and healthy. Then, the results of the ligament reconstruction in these four groups were evaluated according to the KOOS and Lysholm questionnaires as well as the KT-2000 system. The Chi-square test and independent sample t-test were used for analyzing the data, and a significant level was considered under 0.05.
Results: The rate of displacement based on the KT-2000 system in the non-addicted group was significantly lower than that of the exposed groups. The severity of knee pain and the amount of difficulty in daily activities and exercise on the basis of KOOS-criteria in non-addicted subjects were significantly lower than those of the exposed groups. According to the Lysholm questionnaire, the patient's lameness score, support score, instability score, stair-climbing score, and squatting score in the non-addicted group were significantly higher than each of the exposed groups. The level of locking and swelling did not differ significantly.
Conclusion: The results of the current study generally showed that the clinical results of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the opium-addicted patients and smokers were significantly worse than the non-addicted patients. The results of following up the patients after 12 months showed that the displacement rate based on the KT-2000 system in the non-addicted group was significantly lower than in the exposed groups.

Keywords

Keywords: cigarette

opium

anterior cruciate ligament

Subjects

Orthopedi

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