A Review of Biomechanics and Function of Locking Plates in Orthopedic Surgeries: Advantages and Limitations (Review Article)

Jahanbakhsh, Seyyedhosein; Arabzadeh, Aidin; Khabiri, Seyyed Saeed; Bgheri, Nima; Kalantar, Seyyedhadi

doi:10.22034/ijos.2025.474921.1101

A Review of Biomechanics and Function of Locking Plates in Orthopedic Surgeries: Advantages and Limitations (Review Article)

Document Type : Review

Authors

Seyyedhosein jahanbakhsh

Aidin Arabzadeh

Seyyed Saeed Khabiri

Nima Bgheri

seyyedhadi kalantar

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

https://doi.org/10.22034/ijos.2025.474921.1101

Abstract

Abstract
Fracture fixation using plates has evolved over time. This progress is evident both in the types of devices used—such as the development of locking plates—and in the conceptual approach of orthopedic surgeons, including greater respect for soft tissue and minimal manipulation of it. In summary, locking plates function as internal fixators, where the plate acts as a rod and the screws play the role of Schanz pins. This structure, which functions as a solid, unified unit, is less dependent on bone quality, making it especially useful in the fixation of articular surface fractures and metaphyseal fractures, particularly when using minimally invasive approaches. Numerous advancements in the evolution of these plates—such as Variable Angle Plates and Locking Compression Plates (LCP)—offer surgeons significant intraoperative flexibility. Understanding concepts such as working length and screw density greatly assists surgeons in screw placement. Although there are no absolute contraindications for the use of locking plates, their use is not recommended for simple diaphyseal fractures. Through ongoing evaluation of design, biomechanics, and surgical concept comprehension, it is anticipated that newer and more advanced locking plates will be developed in the near future through the collaboration of orthopedic surgeons and engineers. This continuous improvement reflects the dynamic nature of orthopedic technology and surgical techniques in fracture management.

Keywords

Bone plate

Biomechanics

Bone screws

Fracture fixation

Subjects